Ion exchange is a process in which ions are exchanged between a solution and an ion exchanger, an insoluble solid or gel. Ion exchangers are either cation exchangers for positively charged cations or anion exchangers for negatively charged anions. Ion exchange is a reversible process and the ion exchanger can be regenerated or loaded by washing with an excess of the ions to be exchanged. Cation exchange membrane consists of negatively charged groups chemically attached to the polymer chains. Ions with a charge opposite to the fixed charge are freely exchanged at these sites. The concentration of counter ions cations is relatively high therefore cations carry most of the electric current through the membrane. The fixed charges attached to the polymer chains repel ions of the same charge. Since their concentration is very low, anions carry only a small fraction of the electric current through a cation exchange membrane.

Centrifugal extractors operate in a manner for performing liquid-liquid extractions, a feed solution containing one or more solutes and an immiscible solvent with a different density than that of the feed solution are fed to the mixing chamber located on the bottom of the centrifuge housing. A rotating agitator disc mixes the two immiscible liquids into dispersion. Different agitator disc designs can be used depending upon the liquids interfacial tension. The efficient mixing creates a large interfacial area between the two liquids to ensure maximum mass transfer of the solutes. The dispersion is aspirated into the centrifuge bowl by a turbine located on the bottom of the rotating bowl. The liquids are separated by the centrifugal force generated by the rotating bowl. The heavier liquid occupies the outer portion of the bowl and the light liquid occupies the inner portion of the bowl.

Centrifugal separators also called water separator or mechanical separators use centrifugal motion to force liquid water out of compressed air. The spinning causes the condensate to join together on the centrifugal separators walls when the condensate gains enough mass it falls to the bottom of the separators bowl where it pools in the sump until it is flushed out of the system by the automatic float drain valve. Centrifugal separator is also used for separating air, liquids & solids from contamination by using centrifugal force, which separates various solids & liquids mixed together in suspension.

Centrifuge dryers are used to separate and dry the pellets from a suspension. These dryers have rotor that is equipped with conveyor blades and outside housing for collecting the liquid, which is enclosed coaxially by a hollow body formed of screen elements. The suspension of pellets and liquids are supplied continuously to the lower area of the space between the hollow body and the rotor. After that the pellets are transported upward by the conveyor blades rotating with the rotor while being thrown back & forth and dried between the conveyor blades and the screens. The dried pellets are thrown off at the upper end of the rotor. The liquid separate from the pellets passes through the screen jacket and flows out of the discharge port of the outside housing.

Centrifuge Liners have easy installation and super-seal design to minimize downtime and product loss. It is designed for chemical, pharmaceutical, food and other industries. These liners are made from polypropylene material. These are laser cut to ensure precision with repeatability and prevent the possibility of frayed edges. Seams can be welded rather than stitched to eliminate leaks, incompatible threads and degradation during the filtration process. Better fitting liners are critical to minimize product bypassing the liner.

Ceramic ball is a rolling spherical element. These are used in various check and ball valves, bearing and many other mechanical devices that provide linear and rotary motion. These ceramic ball bearings are made of inorganic, non-metallic elements that are processed or used at high temperatures. An important physical specification among all ceramic balls is the outer diameter or width. Through precision grinding all cuts, scratches, scuffs, and any other breaks in the surface to ensure a smooth surface. As compared to steel balls many ceramic balls are much harder thereby, which they result in a longer life, are more reliable.

Ceramic membranes are made from inorganic materials such as alumina, titania, zirconia oxides or some glassy materials and they are utilized in membrane operations. Ceramic membranes have the combined advantage of high chemical, mechanical and thermal resistance. In comparison with polymeric membranes, they are utilized in separations where aggressive media such as acids and strong solvents are present. They have also excellent thermal stability, which makes them useable in high temperature membrane operations like ultra filtration, gas separation, osmosis, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis & electrophoresis. Ceramic membranes can be either dense or porous like that of polymeric membranes.