Conventional drilling method consists of several types of drilling techniques such as hollow-stem auger drilling, cable-tool drilling and rotary drilling. Hollow-stem auger techniques are commonly used for subsurface environmental projects. Rotary drilling techniques include direct mud rotary, air rotary, air rotary with a casing driver, and dual-wall reverse circulation.

Crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid found in underground. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons of various lengths. It may contain other nonmetallic elements such as sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It is usually black or dark brown but varies greatly in appearance, depending on its composition. Crude oil may also be found in semi-solid form mixed with sand.

Crude oil processing is the process where crude oil is produced, water that is co-produced with the oil is separated, and the oil is stabilized to the desired RVP by flash vaporization of light hydrocarbons. Some salt remains in this crude in the form of brine and solid particles. Desalting of the crude oil is normally considered a part of the crude distillation unit (CDU) since heat from some of the streams in the CDU is used to heat the crude in the desalting process. First, water is mixed with the crude to dissolve salt crystals and to dilute the brine already present in the crude. The crude is further heated by exchange with other streams and finally passes through a fired heater where it is heated to the temperature desired for introduction into the atmospheric distillation column.

Natural gas processing consists of separating all of the various hydrocarbons and fluids from the pure natural gas, to produce dry natural gas. The process of fractionating and refining crude oil can be very complex depending on the mixture of hydrocarbons, presence of sour gas, and the density and viscosity of the crude and its various fractions. During the processing, the mixtures and individual components have to be pumped through chemical reactors and refining equipment.

The first steps in the petroleum refining process are to desalt the crude petroleum and separate the crude into its various petroleum fractions using distillation. It removes corrosive salts from the crude petroleum by mixing heated crude with water. The crude petroleum and desalter water are separated using electrostatic separation and demulsification to break the emulsion and separate the two phases.

Cup Testers are sealed with a lid through which the ignition source can be introduced periodically. Cup testers give lower values for the flash point (typically 5-10 K) and are a better approximation to the temperature at which the vapour pressure reaches the lower flammable limit. Cup testers prevent the loss of low boiling components by keeping the sample enclosed until the ignition source is introduced.

The custom protector is a plastic protector which is designed to fit the Longaberger, small laundry basket which measures 24″L x 17″W x 10″H. Each protector is custom made for basket accessories. The custom rear seat protector provides a soft comfortable place for dogs to travel and at the same time protect and maintain the appearance of the rear seat, surface, floor, and backside of the front seats from pet hair, paw and nail marks and pet accidents, inside the vehicle. The pet rear seat protector is made from polycotton material with quality and perfection to last longer and absorb the abuse. The polycotton material weave pattern provide better footing for your dog in the vehicle.