Thermal Oxidizers are used to destroy objectionable hydrocarbons contained in waste streams from manufacturing plants. The waste may be solids, liquids or gases. It heats the waste material to burn in the presence of air (oxidize at elevated temperature). The simplest one consists of a burner, a holding chamber and a stack. The thermal oxidation process is used in industries, where volatile organic compounds have to be oxidized primarily to carbon dioxide and water. During this process, large amount of heat is produced. They are used to control combustible contaminant emissions. They are mainly used in printing operations, painting, coating, distillation, plasticizer emission control and textile manufacturing.

Thermophilic Bioreactors are operated at thermophilic temperature of 50 to 58°C. The organism thermophilia plays a key role in thermophilic bioreactors. This reactor is used to study the treatment of pig manure. These bioreactors support mixed consortia of microorganisms that can simultaneously convert a broad spectrum of compounds into new cells, innocuous byproducts, carbon dioxide and water. These reactors are less adept at simultaneously utilizing multiple substrates and in achieving efficient removal of carbonaceous substances. In the thermophilic reactors, several phylotypes are detected that clustered with obligate anaerobes. They are used to treat pharmaceutical wastewater that refers to the presence of clones in bioreactors.

Thin film solar cells are the solar cells in which a thin film of gallium arsenide, cadmium sulfide, or other semiconductor material is evaporated on a thin, flexible metal or plastic substrate. These cells are attractive as power sources for spacecraft. The various thin-film technologies are developed to reduce the amount of light absorbing material required in creating a solar cell. Cadmium telluride is an efficient light-absorbing material for thin-film solar cells. A silicon thin film technology is also developed for building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) in the form of semi-transparent solar cells, which can be applied as window glazing. This thin film solar cells save both materials and energy in the production of cells and modules.